LOANWORDS IN ALBANIAN

SPEAK ALBANIAN AROUND THE WORLD

Albanian, an Indo-European language with a unique branch of its own, has absorbed thousands of loanwords from many languages over the centuries due to trade, migration, conquest, and cultural exchange.

From Turkish during the Ottoman era came many everyday terms such as çorap sock and kafe coffee, reflecting centuries of administrative and social contact within the Ottoman Empire. Italian influence, especially along the Adriatic coast and during periods of close cultural exchange, introduced words such as dritare window and bankë bank, many of which relate to commerce, urban life, and administration.

Latin and later Western European languages enriched Albanian vocabulary in fields such as education, science, and culture, bringing terms like shkollë school and universitet university. In more recent times, English has contributed a growing number of modern expressions, especially in technology, business, and popular culture, such as internet, kompjuter, and blog.

You already understand 30% of Albanian vocabulary through internationalisms, borrowings, and cognates. This makes the language far less daunting than it may first appear. Whatever your linguistic background is, make Albanian their own—one borrowed word at a time.

Boost your Albanian skills thanks to words you already know!

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Afrikaans Loanwords in Albanian

Albanian has had almost no direct contact with Afrikaans, so words of Afrikaans origin are uncommon and usually restricted to particular subjects. Most reached Albanian through English-language journalism, travel writing, or international commerce rather than everyday speech. They refer chiefly to South African politics, history, food, wildlife, and currency. A few, especially the term for racial segregation, have become familiar, while others appear mostly in specialist descriptions and often retain their original Afrikaans spelling rather than adopting an Albanian form.

aparteid apartheid; institutionalized racial segregation

afrikaner Afrikaner; Afrikaans-speaking South African

boer Boer; South African settler of Dutch descent

rand South African currency unit

krugerrand South African gold bullion coin

rooibos South African red-bush herbal tea

braai South African barbecue

biltong seasoned dried meat

boerewors traditional South African sausage

droëwors dried South African sausage

kraal livestock enclosure

springbok South African antelope

Amharic Loanwords in Albanian

Direct borrowing from Amharic into Albanian has been extremely limited because Ethiopia and Albania have had little sustained linguistic contact. Words of Amharic origin occasionally appear in Albanian-language discussions of Ethiopian cuisine, religion, history, and cultural traditions, usually through international media and English translations. Most remain foreign cultural terms rather than established Albanian vocabulary. Their spelling is generally preserved or adapted slightly, and their usage is concentrated in specialist writing, travel descriptions, and accounts of Ethiopian society.

inxhera injera; traditional Ethiopian fermented flatbread

tef teff; Ethiopian cereal grain

berbere Ethiopian spice mixture

doro wat Ethiopian spicy chicken stew

kitfo Ethiopian seasoned minced beef dish

tibs Ethiopian sautéed meat dish

shiro Ethiopian chickpea or legume stew

mitmita Ethiopian hot spice blend

mesob traditional Ethiopian woven food-serving basket

injibara traditional Ethiopian cultural or regional term

negus king; Ethiopian royal title

negusa negast king of kings; Ethiopian imperial title

ras Ethiopian noble or military title

dejazmach traditional Ethiopian military and noble rank

fitawrari Ethiopian military commander; leader of the vanguard

birr Ethiopian currency unit

tej traditional Ethiopian honey wine

tella traditional Ethiopian grain beer

Arabic Loanwords in Albanian

Arabic has had a substantial influence on Albanian vocabulary, particularly during the centuries of Ottoman rule from the fifteenth to the early twentieth century. Most Arabic-origin words entered Albanian indirectly through Ottoman Turkish, although others arrived through religious literature and European languages. These borrowings concern religion, administration, commerce, food, social customs, and everyday expressions. Many remain common in contemporary Albanian, especially in colloquial speech, while others survive in historical, regional, or religious contexts.

adet custom; habit

amanet something entrusted to another person; sacred trust

aman mercy; please; an expression of pleading

ashik lover; admirer

asqer soldier

axhami inexperienced person; novice

bakall grocer

bamje okra

bajat stale; no longer fresh

bela trouble; misfortune

bereqet abundance; prosperity; plentiful harvest

bollgur bulgur wheat

budalla fool; stupid person

dovlet state; government; prosperity

dynja world; worldly life

esnaf tradesman; artisan; guild member

fakir poor person

fukara impoverished person; pauper

haber news; information

hajvan animal; brute

hall trouble; difficult situation

hallall lawful; permissible; deserved

hallvë halva; traditional sweet confection

hamall porter; manual labourer

hamam public bathhouse

haraç tribute; extortion money

haram forbidden; unlawful; undeserved

harem secluded women's quarters

hatër regard; favour; consideration

hava air; atmosphere; weather

haxhi person who has completed a religious pilgrimage

ibrik water jug; pouring vessel

imam Muslim prayer leader

inat stubbornness; spite

kadi Islamic judge

kadaif traditional shredded-pastry dessert

kafaz cage

kallëp mould; pattern; form

kasap butcher

kismet fate; destiny

kube dome

kumar gambling

kurban sacrifice; sacrificial offering

kurbet life away from one's homeland

kusur defect; shortcoming

llokum Turkish delight; soft confection

mahallë neighbourhood; urban quarter

mangall charcoal brazier

marifet skill; clever trick; ingenuity

medrese Islamic religious school

mejdan open square; arena

merak worry; keen interest; enthusiasm

mezat auction

minare minaret

muezin person who announces the Muslim call to prayer

myfti Muslim religious jurist or authority

mysafir guest; visitor

myshteri customer; buyer

qebap grilled minced-meat dish

qejf pleasure; enjoyment; good mood

qitap book; written work

ramazan Ramadan; Islamic fasting month

rehat comfortable; relaxed; at ease

rezil disgraced; shameful

ryshfet bribe

sabah morning; dawn

sahan shallow serving dish

sakat injured; physically impaired

salep hot drink traditionally prepared from orchid tubers

sedef mother-of-pearl

sevda passionate love; lovesickness

shamatë uproar; noisy commotion

sherbet sweetened drink; syrup

shirit ribbon; strip

siklet discomfort; embarrassment; difficulty

simit ring-shaped bread

sofër traditional low dining table

sokak narrow street; alley

sulltan sultan; sovereign ruler

tahin sesame paste

taksim division; musical improvisation

tamah greed; excessive desire

tamam exactly; completely; just right

tellall town crier; public announcer

tertip arrangement; trick; scheme

vakëf religious charitable endowment

vatan homeland; native country

vilajet Ottoman administrative province

xhami mosque

xhep pocket

xhevahir jewel; precious gem

alkool alcohol

alkimi alchemy

azimut azimuth; horizontal angular direction

emir emir; ruler or prince

gazelë gazelle

islam Islam

karat carat; unit of gemstone weight or gold purity

kuran Quran; Islamic holy scripture

magazinë warehouse; storage facility

nadir lowest point; opposite of zenith

safari wildlife expedition

shifër digit; numeral

shurup syrup

sufizëm Sufism; Islamic mystical tradition

sunit Sunni Muslim

sure chapter of the Quran

Armenian Loanwords in Albanian

Armenian has contributed very few established loanwords to Albanian, as the two languages developed in geographically separate regions without sustained direct contact. Although both belong to the Indo-European language family, similarities between their inherited vocabularies do not necessarily indicate borrowing. Armenian cultural terms appear occasionally in Albanian-language writing about Caucasian history, Christianity, cuisine, music, and traditional crafts. Most of these expressions retain their original form and should be regarded as foreign cultural terminology rather than fully assimilated Albanian loanwords.

lavash traditional thin flatbread

duduk traditional Armenian double-reed woodwind instrument

kaçkar Armenian carved stone cross

kaçkarë Armenian carved stone crosses

varpet master craftsman; skilled artisan

vardapet Armenian religious scholar; ecclesiastical teacher

katolikos supreme patriarch of the Armenian Apostolic Church

matendaran repository of manuscripts; manuscript library

tonir traditional underground clay oven

gata traditional Armenian sweet pastry

harisa Armenian porridge made with wheat and meat

khash traditional Armenian broth made from boiled animal feet

khorovats Armenian grilled meat or barbecue

zhingyalov hats Armenian flatbread stuffed with chopped herbs

spas traditional Armenian yogurt and wheat soup

tan Armenian fermented yogurt drink

taraz traditional Armenian national costume

ashugh traditional Armenian troubadour or minstrel

dhol double-headed traditional drum

kochari traditional Armenian group dance

sharakán Armenian liturgical hymn

nakharar hereditary nobleman in historical Armenia

sparapet supreme military commander in historical Armenia

marz administrative province of Armenia

dram Armenian national currency

Azerbaijani Loanwords in Albanian

Azerbaijani has had very limited direct influence on Albanian vocabulary, despite historical connections between the Balkans and the wider Turkic-speaking world. Most Turkic loanwords in Albanian arrived through Ottoman Turkish rather than Azerbaijani. Azerbaijani expressions occasionally appear in Albanian-language discussions of Caucasian culture, traditional music, cuisine, and history. These are predominantly foreign cultural terms rather than established Albanian loanwords, and several have Persian, Arabic, or broader Turkic origins shared with other languages.

mugam traditional Azerbaijani modal music

ashik traditional Azerbaijani minstrel or folk poet

khananda professional singer of Azerbaijani mugam

tar long-necked plucked string instrument

kamança traditional bowed string instrument

qaval traditional frame drum

balaban traditional Azerbaijani double-reed wind instrument

zurna traditional double-reed wind instrument

kelaghayi traditional Azerbaijani silk headscarf

qutab thin stuffed Azerbaijani flatbread

dushbara traditional Azerbaijani soup with small dumplings

piti traditional Azerbaijani lamb and chickpea stew

bozbash traditional meat and vegetable soup

shah plov festive Azerbaijani rice dish baked in a pastry crust

shakarbura traditional Azerbaijani crescent-shaped sweet pastry

gogal traditional Azerbaijani layered pastry

pakhlava traditional layered pastry with nuts and syrup

dovga Azerbaijani yogurt soup with herbs

qovurma traditional dish of fried or braised meat

lavangi Azerbaijani dish of stuffed chicken or fish

chigirtma Azerbaijani dish prepared with eggs and vegetables or meat

narsharab pomegranate sauce used in Azerbaijani cuisine

ayran traditional yogurt-based drink

novruz traditional spring New Year festival

samani sprouted wheat traditionally displayed during Novruz

khoncha decorative tray of festive foods and ornaments

yalli traditional Azerbaijani group dance

chovgan traditional equestrian team game

meykhana Azerbaijani tradition of improvised rhythmic poetry

karabakh Karabakh; historical and geographical region of the South Caucasus

Bengali Loanwords in Albanian

Bengali has exerted very little direct influence on Albanian, although a small number of words associated with Bengal have travelled internationally through English and other European languages. These include terms for architecture, textiles, literature, cuisine, and cultural traditions. Some, such as the word for jute, have entered Albanian through international trade, while others occur mainly in descriptions of Bengali society and history. Most remain specialist foreign expressions rather than fully established Albanian loanwords.

jutë jute; natural textile fibre

bungalov bungalow; single-storey house

adda informal intellectual gathering or conversation

baul Bengali wandering mystical singer

bhadralok educated Bengali middle-class gentleman

zamindar historical landowner or revenue collector

riksha rickshaw; small passenger vehicle

rëshogolla rasgulla; syrup-soaked cheese dessert

sondesh sandesh; traditional Bengali milk-based sweet

mishti doi sweetened fermented yogurt

pitha traditional Bengali rice cake

bhapa pitha steamed Bengali rice cake

patishapta Bengali stuffed rice-flour crêpe

shorshe ilish hilsa fish cooked in mustard sauce

bhorta mashed and seasoned vegetable or fish dish

macher jhol traditional Bengali fish curry

shukto Bengali vegetable stew with a bitter flavour

luchi deep-fried Bengali flatbread

khichuri rice and lentil dish

jhalmuri spicy puffed-rice snack

fuchka crispy stuffed snack with tangy water

mangal shobhajatra Bengali New Year cultural procession

ekushey the twenty-first; especially associated with Bengali Language Movement commemorations

alpona traditional decorative floor painting

nakshi kantha traditional embroidered Bengali quilt

jamdani fine figured muslin textile

tant traditional Bengali handwoven cotton fabric

dhakai traditional textile associated with Dhaka

panjabi traditional South Asian long tunic

gamcha traditional thin cotton towel or cloth

boishakh first month of the Bengali calendar

pohela boishakh Bengali New Year

durga puja Hindu festival celebrating the goddess Durga

kirtan devotional singing

rabindra sangeet songs composed by Rabindranath Tagore

nazrul geeti songs associated with Kazi Nazrul Islam

Bhutanese Loanwords in Albanian

Bhutanese, generally referring to Dzongkha, the national language of Bhutan, has had virtually no direct influence on Albanian vocabulary. The geographical distance between the Balkans and the Himalayas, together with limited historical contact, has prevented significant linguistic borrowing. Nevertheless, terms associated with Bhutanese religion, traditional architecture, clothing, administration, and festivals occasionally appear in Albanian-language travel writing and cultural descriptions. These words are best understood as foreign cultural expressions rather than established Albanian loanwords.

dzong fortified monastery and administrative centre

dzongkha national language of Bhutan

driglam namzha traditional Bhutanese code of etiquette and conduct

gho traditional Bhutanese men's robe

kira traditional Bhutanese women's dress

toego short jacket worn with traditional women's clothing

wonju traditional blouse worn beneath a kira

kabney ceremonial scarf worn by Bhutanese men

rachu traditional ceremonial scarf worn by Bhutanese women

tsechu annual Bhutanese religious festival

cham ritual masked dance

atsara comic or religious clown figure at Bhutanese festivals

chorten Buddhist religious monument or stupa

lhakhang Buddhist temple or shrine

goenpa Buddhist monastery

dratshang monastic community or institution

lama Buddhist spiritual teacher

rinpoche honorific title for a revered Buddhist master

trulku recognized reincarnated Buddhist teacher

terma concealed spiritual treasure or sacred teaching

terton discoverer of hidden Buddhist teachings

kidu royal welfare assistance or benevolent support

gewog local administrative subdivision of Bhutan

dzongkhag district of Bhutan

dungkhag subdistrict administrative division

gup elected local government leader

mangmi deputy leader of a Bhutanese local government

tshogpa elected village representative

thromde urban municipality

ngultrum national currency of Bhutan

doma areca nut traditionally chewed with betel leaf

suja traditional Bhutanese butter tea

ema datshi traditional Bhutanese dish of chillies and cheese

kewa datshi Bhutanese potato and cheese dish

shamu datshi Bhutanese mushroom and cheese dish

jasha maru spicy Bhutanese chicken dish

phaksha paa Bhutanese pork and chilli dish

ezay traditional Bhutanese chilli condiment

zow toasted rice snack

khuru traditional Bhutanese outdoor dart game

degor traditional Bhutanese stone-throwing game

lozey traditional Bhutanese form of oral poetry

zorig chusum thirteen traditional Bhutanese arts and crafts

thangka Buddhist religious scroll painting

yathra traditional patterned woollen textile

lungta prayer flag symbolizing the wind horse

dasho Bhutanese honorific title for a distinguished person

druk thunder dragon; national symbol of Bhutan

Druk Gyalpo Dragon King; title of Bhutan's monarch

Druk Yul Land of the Thunder Dragon; Bhutan's traditional name

Bulgarian Loanwords in Albanian

Bulgarian and Albanian have influenced one another since the early Middle Ages, particularly following Slavic settlement in the Balkans during the sixth and seventh centuries. Bulgarian and closely related eastern South Slavic dialects contributed vocabulary associated with agriculture, livestock, rural life, geography, and everyday objects. Their influence became especially significant in southern and eastern Albania, where prolonged contact encouraged linguistic exchange. Many borrowings remain common today, although distinguishing specifically Bulgarian words from those inherited across several South Slavic languages is often difficult.

oborr courtyard; yard

lopatë shovel; spade

plug plough

brazdë furrow

prag threshold; doorstep

kastravec cucumber

gorricë wild pear

gombel sage; aromatic plant

kapinë bramble; blackberry bush

zhabë toad

kockë bone

kokosh rooster; cock

sokol falcon

breg shore; slope; hillside

jug south

stan shepherd's hut; seasonal mountain dwelling

kotec chicken coop; animal enclosure

klekë juniper; mountain shrub

rob captive; slave

porosit to order; to commission

porosi order; instruction; message

zakon custom; habit; tradition

nevojë need; necessity

besedë conversation; discussion

pushkë rifle; firearm

opinga traditional leather peasant shoes

banak counter; shop counter

kosë scythe

kovë bucket

gozhdë nail; metal fastener

shkop stick; rod

kashtë straw

rrafsh flat; level; plain

gropë hole; pit

druzhbë friendship; camaraderie

vodicë small stream; watercourse

kolovajzë swing; playground swing

çerdhe nest; nursery

kovaç blacksmith

gradë rank; degree

shator tent

kopaç digging tool; mattock

Burmese Loanwords in Albanian

Burmese has had virtually no direct influence on Albanian vocabulary because Myanmar and Albania have historically maintained limited cultural and linguistic contact. Words of Burmese origin occasionally appear in Albanian-language travel writing, culinary descriptions, and discussions of Southeast Asian religion, clothing, and traditions. These expressions generally reach Albanian through English or other international languages. Most remain foreign cultural terms rather than established loanwords, retaining their Burmese pronunciation or internationally recognized spelling.

thanaka traditional Burmese cosmetic paste made from tree bark

longyi traditional Burmese wraparound garment

htamein traditional Burmese women's skirt

paso traditional Burmese men's wraparound garment

acheik traditional Burmese woven textile pattern

eingyi traditional Burmese blouse or jacket

gaung baung traditional Burmese ceremonial headwrap

mohinga traditional Burmese fish and rice noodle soup

lahpet fermented tea leaves eaten as food

lahpet thoke Burmese fermented tea leaf salad

ngapi fermented fish or shrimp paste

htamin cooked rice; meal

htamin gyaw Burmese fried rice

htamin jin traditional fermented rice dish

ohn no khao swè Burmese coconut chicken noodle soup

nan gyi thoke Burmese thick rice noodle salad

mont traditional Burmese snack or confection

mont lone yay paw traditional Burmese sweet rice dumplings

mont let saung Burmese sweet dessert with rice jelly and coconut milk

shwe yin aye traditional Burmese coconut milk dessert

kyay oh Burmese noodle soup with meat and vegetables

danbauk Burmese-style biryani rice dish

balachaung spicy condiment made with dried shrimp and chillies

tophu Burmese tofu made from chickpea or other legume flour

san byok Burmese rice porridge

thingyan traditional Burmese New Year water festival

thadingyut Burmese Buddhist festival of lights

tazaungdaing traditional Burmese festival of lights

shinbyu Burmese Buddhist novice initiation ceremony

nat spirit or supernatural being in Burmese traditional religion

nat kadaw traditional Burmese spirit medium

nat pwe ceremony honouring traditional Burmese spirits

natsin shrine dedicated to a Burmese spirit

hpongyi Buddhist monk in Myanmar

sayadaw honorific title for a respected Burmese Buddhist monk

kyaung Buddhist monastery or religious school

hpaya pagoda; Buddha image; sacred object

zedi Buddhist stupa or pagoda

pyatthat traditional Burmese multi-tiered ornamental roof

hti decorative umbrella-shaped finial on a Burmese pagoda

saung traditional Burmese arched harp

pat waing traditional Burmese circle of tuned drums

hsaing waing traditional Burmese percussion ensemble

kyi waing traditional Burmese circular gong instrument

hne traditional Burmese double-reed wind instrument

pattala traditional Burmese bamboo xylophone

anyint traditional Burmese theatrical performance combining dance, comedy, and music

zat pwe traditional Burmese theatrical performance

yoke thé traditional Burmese string puppetry

thanbauk traditional Burmese three-line poetic form

kyat national currency of Myanmar

peiktha traditional Burmese unit of weight

viss traditional Burmese unit of mass

Cantonese Loanwords in Albanian

Cantonese has influenced Albanian mainly through international cuisine, martial arts, cinema, and trade rather than direct linguistic contact. Since the twentieth century, words associated with Hong Kong and southern Chinese culture have reached Albanian through English, restaurant menus, films, and global commerce. A few, such as kung fu and wok, are relatively recognizable, while most remain specialized culinary or cultural expressions. Their pronunciation and spelling generally follow internationally established Cantonese-derived forms rather than Albanian adaptations.

kung fu Chinese martial arts; disciplined skill

wok round-bottomed Chinese cooking pan

dim sum small Cantonese dishes traditionally served with tea

wonton Chinese dumpling usually served in soup or fried

chow mein stir-fried noodles

bok choy Chinese white cabbage

pak choi Chinese leafy vegetable; bok choy

char siu Cantonese barbecued pork

siu mai steamed open-topped dumpling

har gow steamed shrimp dumpling

cheung fun steamed rice noodle rolls

chop suey Chinese-style dish of mixed vegetables and meat

hoisin sweet and savoury Chinese sauce

yum cha Cantonese tradition of drinking tea with dim sum

congee rice porridge

kumkuat kumquat; small citrus fruit

longan tropical fruit with translucent sweet flesh

mahjong traditional Chinese tile-based game

sampan small flat-bottomed Chinese boat

cheongsam traditional fitted Chinese dress

sifu master; skilled teacher, especially in martial arts

tai pan powerful business executive or commercial leader

pai gow traditional Chinese gambling game played with tiles

shar pei Chinese dog breed characterized by loose, wrinkled skin

cha siu bao steamed bun filled with barbecued pork

lo mai gai sticky rice with meat wrapped in lotus leaves

dan tat Cantonese egg custard tart

siu yuk Cantonese crispy roasted pork belly

lap cheong traditional Chinese dried sausage

gai lan Chinese broccoli

choy sum Chinese flowering leafy vegetable

char siu fan barbecued pork served with rice

wu gok deep-fried taro dumpling

lo bak go Cantonese turnip or radish cake

tong sui traditional Cantonese sweet soup or dessert

bo lo bao Cantonese pineapple bun

lai wong bao steamed bun filled with sweet egg custard

zongzi sticky rice dumpling wrapped in bamboo leaves

dai pai dong traditional Hong Kong open-air food stall

cha chaan teng Hong Kong-style casual café or restaurant

gweilo colloquial Cantonese term for a Western foreigner

mou lei tau Hong Kong style of absurdist comedy

cantopop Cantonese-language popular music

Catalan Loanwords in Albanian

Catalan has contributed very few established loanwords to Albanian because the two languages have historically had limited direct contact. However, Catalan-origin terms have reached Albanian through Spanish, English, tourism, gastronomy, and international cultural exchange. The most recognizable concern Mediterranean cuisine, while others describe traditional festivals, music, architecture, and regional customs. Most remain foreign cultural expressions rather than naturalized Albanian vocabulary, although certain culinary terms are increasingly recognizable through restaurants and travel.

paella traditional Valencian rice dish

alioli garlic and olive oil sauce

allioli traditional Catalan garlic sauce

fideuà Valencian seafood dish prepared with short noodles

escalivada Catalan dish of roasted vegetables

calçot traditional Catalan spring onion

calçotada traditional Catalan gathering centred on grilled spring onions

romesco Catalan sauce made with peppers, nuts, and olive oil

xató Catalan salad with salt cod, vegetables, and nut-based sauce

samfaina Catalan vegetable stew

esqueixada Catalan salad of shredded salt cod

escudella traditional Catalan soup or stew

carn d'olla boiled meat and vegetables served with Catalan soup

botifarra traditional Catalan pork sausage

fuet traditional Catalan cured sausage

secallona thin Catalan cured sausage

sobrassada traditional Balearic spreadable cured sausage

pa amb tomàquet Catalan bread rubbed with tomato and olive oil

coca Catalan flatbread or pastry

coca de recapte Catalan savoury flatbread with roasted vegetables

crema catalana Catalan custard dessert with caramelized sugar

mel i mató Catalan dessert of fresh cheese and honey

panellet traditional Catalan almond-based sweet

neula thin rolled Catalan wafer

torró traditional Catalan nougat confection

carquinyoli traditional Catalan crunchy almond biscuit

menjar blanc traditional Catalan almond or milk pudding

ensaïmada traditional spiral-shaped Mallorcan pastry

gató traditional Mallorcan almond cake

ratafia traditional Catalan herbal and walnut liqueur

cava Catalan sparkling wine

porró traditional Catalan glass wine vessel with a narrow spout

masia traditional Catalan rural farmhouse

barraca rustic hut; simple rural shelter

modernisme Catalan architectural and artistic movement

trencadís decorative mosaic made from broken ceramic pieces

rajola ceramic tile

castell traditional Catalan human tower

casteller participant in a Catalan human tower

enxaneta child who climbs to the top of a human tower

pinya supporting base of a Catalan human tower

sardana traditional Catalan circle dance

cobla traditional Catalan musical ensemble

tenora traditional Catalan double-reed wind instrument

tible traditional Catalan high-pitched double-reed instrument

gralla traditional Catalan reed instrument

flabiol small traditional Catalan flute

tamborí small traditional Catalan drum

correfoc Catalan festival procession featuring fire and fireworks

diables costumed devils participating in Catalan fire festivals

gegants giant figures carried during Catalan festivals

capgrossos large-headed figures used in traditional celebrations

trabucaire participant in traditional Catalan festivals who fires a ceremonial blunderbuss

pubilla traditional Catalan female heir; festival representative

hereu male heir in traditional Catalan inheritance customs

senyera traditional Catalan flag

estelada flag associated with Catalan independence

diada Catalan national day; major commemorative celebration

capicua palindrome; number or expression reading the same forwards and backwards

peseta former Spanish currency unit, from Catalan peceta

Chinese Loanwords in Albanian

Chinese has influenced Albanian primarily through international trade, cuisine, philosophy, medicine, and popular culture. Most Chinese-origin terms entered Albanian indirectly through English, Italian, or other European languages, particularly during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Some, such as tea, ketchup, and kaolin, have become familiar parts of everyday or technical vocabulary. Others retain their Chinese forms and appear mainly in discussions of martial arts, traditional medicine, Buddhism, and Chinese society. The examples include established borrowings and less assimilated cultural terms.

çaj tea

keçap ketchup; tomato-based condiment

kaolinë kaolin; fine white clay used in ceramics

ginseng medicinal root used in traditional Chinese medicine

tofu soybean curd

kumkuat kumquat; small citrus fruit

liçi lychee; tropical fruit

longan longan; tropical fruit related to the lychee

kung fu Chinese martial arts

tai chi traditional Chinese martial art and meditative exercise

qigong traditional Chinese system of breathing and movement exercises

wushu Chinese martial arts, particularly competitive forms

feng shui traditional Chinese practice of harmonizing spaces

yin passive or receptive principle in Chinese philosophy

yang active or dynamic principle in Chinese philosophy

yin yang complementary opposing forces in Chinese philosophy

qi vital energy or life force in traditional Chinese thought

tao the Way; fundamental principle of Daoist philosophy

daoizëm Daoism; Chinese philosophical and religious tradition

taoizëm Taoism; alternative spelling of Daoism

konfucianizëm Confucianism; philosophical and ethical tradition

mandarin high-ranking imperial Chinese official; Mandarin language

juan yuan; Chinese monetary unit

renminbi official currency of the People's Republic of China

maoizëm Maoism; political ideology associated with Mao Zedong

maoist follower or supporter of Maoism

mahjong traditional Chinese tile-based game

wok deep, round-bottomed Chinese cooking pan

çau mein stir-fried Chinese noodles

dim sum small Chinese dishes traditionally served with tea

baozi steamed Chinese stuffed bun

jiaozi traditional Chinese dumpling

mantou steamed Chinese bread bun

hotpot Chinese communal dish cooked in simmering broth

mapo tofu Sichuan dish of tofu in a spicy sauce

dan dan mian Sichuan noodles with spicy seasoning

xiaolongbao Chinese steamed soup dumpling

zongzi sticky rice dumpling wrapped in leaves

tangyuan sweet glutinous rice balls

cong you bing Chinese scallion pancake

jianbing Chinese savoury breakfast crêpe

shaomai traditional Chinese steamed dumpling

lamian Chinese hand-pulled noodles

biangbiang mian wide hand-pulled noodles from Shaanxi

huoguo Chinese hotpot

doufu tofu; soybean curd

doujiang Chinese soybean milk

baijiu traditional Chinese distilled alcoholic spirit

huangjiu traditional Chinese fermented grain wine

pu-erh fermented or aged Chinese tea

oolong partially oxidized Chinese tea

longjing Chinese green tea traditionally produced near Hangzhou

tieguanyin Chinese oolong tea variety

lapsang souchong Chinese black tea traditionally dried over pinewood fires

suanpan traditional Chinese abacus

hanfu traditional clothing of the Han Chinese

qipao traditional Chinese fitted dress

changshan traditional Chinese long gown

tangzhuang Chinese-style jacket associated with traditional dress

hutong traditional narrow alley in northern Chinese cities

siheyuan traditional Chinese courtyard residence

pagodë pagoda; tiered religious tower

lóng Chinese dragon

qilin mythical Chinese creature associated with good fortune

taikonaut Chinese astronaut

shifu master; skilled teacher or craftsman

laoshi teacher; instructor

laowai foreigner; colloquial Chinese term for a non-Chinese person

guanxi network of personal relationships and social connections

mianzi social prestige; face; personal reputation

hukou Chinese household registration system

danwei work unit in China's administrative and social system

yamen government office in imperial China

wuxia Chinese literary and cinematic genre featuring martial heroes

xianxia Chinese fantasy genre involving immortals and cultivation

guqin traditional Chinese seven-stringed zither

guzheng traditional Chinese plucked zither

erhu traditional Chinese two-stringed bowed instrument

pipa traditional Chinese pear-shaped lute

dizi traditional Chinese transverse bamboo flute

sheng traditional Chinese mouth organ

suona traditional Chinese double-reed wind instrument

bianzhong ancient Chinese set of tuned bronze bells

jingju Beijing opera; traditional Chinese theatrical art

kunqu classical Chinese opera tradition

guohua traditional Chinese painting

shanshui traditional Chinese landscape painting

xieyi expressive freehand style of Chinese painting

gongbi meticulous style of traditional Chinese painting

chunjie Chinese Spring Festival; Lunar New Year

yuanxiao Lantern Festival; traditional Chinese celebration

duanwu Dragon Boat Festival

qingming traditional Chinese tomb-sweeping festival

zhongqiu Mid-Autumn Festival

hongbao red envelope containing a monetary gift

nianhua traditional Chinese New Year decorative print

jianzhi traditional Chinese paper-cutting art

wushu taolu choreographed martial arts routine

sanshou Chinese full-contact combat sport

sanda Chinese kickboxing and combat sport

shuai jiao traditional Chinese wrestling

baguazhang Chinese internal martial art based on circular movement

xingyiquan Chinese martial art emphasizing coordinated linear movements

bajiquan traditional Chinese martial art known for explosive short-range techniques

wing chun Chinese martial art emphasizing close-range combat

Croatian Loanwords in Albanian

Croatian has influenced Albanian chiefly through centuries of contact along the Adriatic coast and within the western Balkans. Borrowings became especially important in northern Albanian dialects, while the Albanian-speaking Arbanasi community near Zadar developed its own vocabulary through prolonged contact with Croatian. Many words also belong to the wider Serbo-Croatian linguistic continuum, making their precise Croatian origin difficult to isolate. These borrowings cover household objects, agriculture, social relations, geography, and everyday expressions.

kreshnik hero; legendary warrior

pushkë rifle; firearm

shuplakë slap; palm of the hand

fllad breeze; gentle wind

flladit to cool; to refresh with a breeze

bërllog rubbish; garbage

boronicë blueberry; bilberry

bozhure peony

bravë lock

dobi benefit; advantage; usefulness

dremit to doze; to nap

drugë spindle; distaff

gjobis to fine; to impose a monetary penalty

zagushi stifling heat; suffocating atmosphere

pogaçe traditional round bread or flatbread

vampir vampire

bazen swimming pool; basin

fusnotë footnote

afirmoj to affirm; to establish or promote

fontanë fountain

kral king; ruler, in the Arbanasi dialect

milo dear; affectionate; merciful, in the Arbanasi dialect

quditum astonished; surprised, in the Arbanasi dialect

da that; conjunction used in the Arbanasi dialect

bash exactly; just, in the Arbanasi dialect

Czech Loanwords in Albanian

Czech has contributed relatively few loanwords to Albanian, mostly through German, French, English, and other European languages. Its strongest international influence comes from technological, military, and cultural terminology. The word robot, introduced through Karel Čapek's 1920 play, is particularly widespread, while terms for firearms and artillery have older connections with medieval Bohemia. Other Czech-origin expressions appear in Albanian writing about traditional food, music, literature, and history, although many remain specialist cultural terms rather than everyday vocabulary.

robot robot; programmable mechanical machine

robotikë robotics; science and technology of robots

robotizim robotization; introduction of robotic systems

robotizoj to robotize; to automate using robots

robotik robotic; relating to robots

polka traditional lively Central European dance

pistoletë pistol; handheld firearm

haubicë howitzer; artillery weapon

semteks Semtex; Czech-developed plastic explosive

hacek háček; hook-shaped diacritical mark

koláç traditional Czech round pastry

koláçek small traditional Czech filled pastry

slivovicë traditional plum brandy

knedlik traditional Czech boiled bread or potato dumpling

svíčková Czech beef dish served with creamy vegetable sauce

vepřo knedlo zelo traditional Czech pork with dumplings and cabbage

bramborák traditional Czech potato pancake

utopenec pickled sausage served as a Czech snack

nakládaný hermelín Czech marinated soft cheese

trdelník cylindrical pastry roasted on a spit

buchta traditional sweet baked bun

vánočka traditional Czech braided Christmas bread

mazanec traditional Czech Easter sweet bread

kulajda Czech creamy soup with mushrooms, potatoes, and dill

česnečka traditional Czech garlic soup

zelňačka traditional Czech cabbage soup

bramboračka traditional Czech potato soup

špekáček traditional Czech smoked sausage

moravský vrabec Moravian-style roasted pork dish

frgál traditional large Moravian sweet pastry

medovník layered honey cake

becherovka Czech herbal liqueur

pilsner pale lager beer originating in Plzeň

ležák lager; bottom-fermented beer

výčep beer taproom; draught beer counter

hospoda traditional Czech pub or tavern

švejk Švejk; literary figure symbolizing passive resistance and ironic obedience

švejkování Švejk-like behaviour; evading authority through apparent compliance

samizdat clandestinely reproduced and distributed publications

absurdistan imaginary state characterized by absurd bureaucracy or politics

defenestracion defenestration; throwing someone out of a window, historically associated with Prague

sokol Czech gymnastics and patriotic physical education movement

beseda traditional Czech social dance or cultural gathering

furiant traditional lively Czech folk dance

skočná traditional Czech jumping dance

verbunk traditional Moravian recruitment dance

odzemek traditional Moravian male folk dance

cimbálovka traditional Moravian folk ensemble featuring a hammered dulcimer

kroje traditional Czech and Moravian folk costumes

modrotisk traditional Czech blueprinted textile

perník traditional Czech spiced gingerbread

křišťál crystal; term associated with Czech glassmaking

loutka puppet; traditional Czech theatrical figure

loutkářství traditional Czech puppetry

večerníček traditional Czech evening television programme for children

čarodějnice witch; associated with traditional Czech spring bonfire celebrations

pomlázka traditional decorated Easter whipping rod

masopust traditional Czech pre-Lenten carnival

Mikuláš Saint Nicholas; figure associated with Czech December celebrations

Ježíšek Christ Child; traditional Czech Christmas gift-bringer

Danish Loanwords in Albanian

Danish has contributed relatively few established loanwords to Albanian because Denmark and Albania have historically had limited direct linguistic contact. Most Danish-origin expressions reached Albanian through English, international media, tourism, and cultural exchange, particularly during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. They relate mainly to Scandinavian lifestyle, cuisine, architecture, and social traditions. While certain terms, especially hygge, have gained international recognition, most remain foreign cultural expressions rather than fully integrated Albanian vocabulary.

hygge Danish concept of coziness, comfort, and conviviality

hyggelig cozy; pleasant; creating a warm atmosphere

hyggekrog cozy corner or comfortable retreat

fællesskab community; sense of togetherness

samfundssind social responsibility; community-mindedness

arbejdsglæde happiness and satisfaction at work

jantelov Jante Law; cultural principle discouraging individual arrogance

friluftsliv outdoor living; enjoyment of nature

folkehøjskole Danish folk high school emphasizing informal adult education

efterskole Danish residential school for adolescents

smørrebrød traditional Danish open-faced sandwich

rugbrød traditional Danish dark rye bread

franskbrød Danish-style white wheat bread

knækbrød crispbread; thin, dry Scandinavian bread

æbleskiver traditional Danish spherical pancakes

flæskesteg Danish roast pork with crispy crackling

frikadeller traditional Danish pan-fried meatballs

stegt flæsk traditional Danish fried pork belly

rødgrød traditional Danish red berry pudding

rødgrød med fløde Danish red berry pudding served with cream

risalamande traditional Danish rice pudding dessert with almonds

kransekage traditional Danish almond ring cake

brunsviger Danish yeast cake topped with brown sugar and butter

drømmekage traditional Danish coconut and caramel-topped cake

hindbærsnitte Danish raspberry-filled pastry

romkugle Danish chocolate and rum-flavoured confection

kanelsnegl Danish cinnamon roll

spandauer traditional Danish custard-filled pastry

wienerbrød Danish laminated pastry

tebirkes Danish pastry topped with poppy seeds

fastelavnsbolle traditional Danish carnival cream bun

leverpostej Danish liver pâté

rullepølse traditional Danish rolled and seasoned cold meat

spegepølse Danish cured sausage

medisterpølse traditional Danish spiced pork sausage

tarteletter Danish pastry shells filled with savoury ingredients

boller i karry Danish meatballs in curry sauce

brændende kærlighed traditional Danish dish of mashed potatoes, bacon, and onions

koldskål traditional Danish chilled buttermilk dessert

kammerjunkere small crisp biscuits traditionally served with koldskål

remoulade Danish-style mayonnaise-based condiment

snaps Scandinavian spirit traditionally served with meals

julefrokost traditional Danish Christmas lunch celebration

julehygge cozy atmosphere and traditions associated with Danish Christmas

julekalender Christmas calendar; especially a Danish television Advent series

nisse mischievous household spirit in Danish folklore

julenisse Danish Christmas elf

nissehue traditional pointed Christmas elf hat

fastelavn traditional Danish pre-Lenten carnival

fastelavnsris decorated birch branches associated with Danish carnival traditions

sankthansaften Danish Midsummer Eve celebration

højskolesangbog Danish folk high school songbook

andelsbevægelse Danish cooperative movement

bofællesskab shared residential community; cohousing arrangement

kolonihave Danish allotment garden

sommerhus Danish holiday cottage or summer house

havfrue mermaid; Danish mythological figure

trold troll; supernatural creature in Scandinavian folklore

lykketrold Danish good-luck troll figurine

klaphat Danish supporter’s hat with movable clapping attachments

Dutch Loanwords in Albanian

Dutch has contributed a modest number of words to Albanian, almost entirely through intermediary languages such as English, French, German, and Italian. Historically, Dutch maritime trade, shipbuilding, commerce, and artistic traditions helped spread its vocabulary across Europe. In modern Albanian, Dutch-origin terms are particularly noticeable in nautical terminology, finance, technology, food, and popular culture. Some have become integrated into everyday speech, whereas others remain specialized international expressions or names for characteristic Dutch products and traditions.

jaht yacht; luxury sailing or motor vessel

dok dock; ship-repair or loading facility

balast ballast; stabilizing weight in a ship or structure

bojë buoy; floating maritime marker, in nautical usage

skiper skipper; captain of a small vessel or sporting team

kruiz cruise; pleasure voyage by ship

rif reef; submerged rock formation or coral ridge

flibustier filibuster; historical maritime adventurer or pirate

sloop small single-masted sailing vessel

skunë schooner; sailing vessel with two or more masts

dolar dollar; monetary unit

golf golf; sport played with clubs and balls

vafel waffle; patterned sweet batter cake

brendi brandy; distilled wine spirit

xhin gin; juniper-flavoured distilled spirit

jenever traditional Dutch juniper-based alcoholic spirit

bluf bluff; deceptive display of confidence

blufim bluffing; deliberate attempt to mislead

robot robot; automated programmable machine

landshaft landscape; scenery or geographical setting

skicë sketch; preliminary drawing

gdhendje me acid etching; artistic printmaking technique

kolslou coleslaw; shredded cabbage salad

stroopwafel Dutch syrup-filled waffle biscuit

poffertjes small Dutch fluffy pancakes

oliebollen traditional Dutch deep-fried dough balls

bitterballen Dutch deep-fried meat ragout balls

kroket croquette; breaded and fried savoury roll

frikandel Dutch skinless minced-meat sausage

kibbeling Dutch battered and fried fish pieces

haring Dutch-style cured herring

maatjesharing young lightly salted herring

hutspot traditional Dutch mashed potatoes with carrots and onions

stamppot Dutch mashed potatoes mixed with vegetables

erwtensoep traditional Dutch thick split-pea soup

snert thick Dutch pea soup

rookworst traditional Dutch smoked sausage

appelstroop Dutch apple syrup spread

hagelslag Dutch chocolate sprinkles eaten on bread

beschuit Dutch twice-baked crisp bread

pepernoten small spiced Dutch festive biscuits

kruidnoten small crunchy spiced Dutch biscuits

speculaas traditional Dutch spiced biscuit

banketstaaf Dutch almond-paste-filled pastry

tompouce Dutch layered custard pastry

vla Dutch custard-like dairy dessert

kwark fresh cultured dairy cheese

gouda Gouda; Dutch semi-hard cheese

edam Edam; Dutch semi-hard cheese

maasdam Maasdam; Dutch cheese with large holes

leidse kaas traditional Dutch Leiden cheese

boerenkaas traditional Dutch farmhouse cheese

stroop syrup; thick sweet liquid

polder reclaimed low-lying land protected by dikes

deltawerken Dutch Delta Works coastal flood-protection system

waterschap Dutch regional water-management authority

dijk dike; embankment protecting land from water

terp artificially raised dwelling mound

grachten canals; especially historic Dutch urban waterways

woonboot houseboat; dwelling built on a boat

hofje traditional Dutch residential courtyard

rijtjeshuis Dutch terraced or row house

gezellig cozy; sociable; pleasantly convivial

gezelligheid feeling of warmth, sociability, and conviviality

uitwaaien taking a refreshing walk outdoors in windy weather

niksen deliberately doing nothing; relaxing without a task

borrel informal Dutch gathering for drinks and snacks

vrijmibo informal Friday afternoon drinks with colleagues

kringverjaardag traditional Dutch birthday gathering with guests seated in a circle

sinterklaas Saint Nicholas; traditional Dutch gift-giving figure

pakjesavond traditional Dutch evening of exchanging Saint Nicholas gifts

koningsdag King's Day; Dutch national celebration

vrijmarkt open-air market where people sell second-hand goods

elfstedentocht traditional long-distance skating tour through eleven Frisian cities

klompen traditional Dutch wooden shoes

klederdracht traditional regional folk costume

molen windmill; especially a traditional Dutch windmill

bloemencorso flower parade featuring decorated floats

gabber Dutch hardcore electronic music subculture

gabberhouse fast and aggressive Dutch electronic dance music

hardstyle electronic dance music genre developed partly in the Netherlands

hakke energetic dance associated with Dutch hardcore music

coffee shop Dutch establishment licensed to sell cannabis under regulated conditions

gedoogbeleid Dutch policy of official tolerance toward certain technically prohibited activities

apartheid institutionalized racial segregation; historically from Dutch-derived Afrikaans

boer farmer; historically a Dutch-descended settler in South Africa

trek long journey or migration, especially over difficult terrain

voortrekker pioneer; historical Boer migrant in southern Africa

veld open grassland or uncultivated countryside

aardvark African burrowing mammal with a long snout

meerkat small social mongoose native to southern Africa

springbok southern African antelope

rood red; Dutch colour term used in certain names and cultural expressions

English Loanwords in Albanian

English has become one of the most influential sources of new vocabulary in Albanian, particularly since the political and economic changes of the 1990s. Its influence has expanded through technology, business, entertainment, education, international trade, and social media. American and British cultural products have also accelerated the adoption of English expressions among younger generations. While some borrowings have been adapted to Albanian spelling and grammar, others retain their original English forms, especially in computing, marketing, and professional communication.

kompjuter computer

laptop laptop computer

desktop desktop computer

printer printer

skaner scanner

skanim scanning

skanoj to scan

server server

softuer software

harduer hardware

internet internet

ueb web

uebfaqe webpage

website website

online online

offline offline

email email

chat chat; online conversation

çatoj to chat online

blog blog

bloger blogger

podkast podcast

streaming streaming

livestream live online broadcast

download download

upload upload

link hyperlink

klik click

klikoj to click

browser web browser

haker hacker

hakoj to hack

spam unwanted electronic messages

selfie self-portrait photograph

smartfon smartphone

tablet tablet computer

aplikacion application; computer or mobile program

app mobile application

startap startup company

marketing marketing

menaxher manager

menaxhim management

menaxhoj to manage

biznes business

biznesmen businessman

lider leader

lidership leadership

brend brand

brending branding

slogan slogan

sponsor sponsor

sponsorizim sponsorship

sponsorizoj to sponsor

frilancer freelancer

frilancing freelancing

outsourcing outsourcing

networking professional networking

workshop practical training workshop

trajner trainer; coach

trajnim training

trajnimi online online training

kouç coach

kouçing coaching

feedback feedback

deadline deadline

meeting meeting

briefing briefing

brainstorming brainstorming

benchmarking benchmarking

target target; objective

performancë performance

performues performer

rekrutues recruiter

rekrutim recruitment

headhunter executive recruiter

intervistë interview

intervistoj to interview

CV curriculum vitae; résumé

part-time part-time employment

full-time full-time employment

freelance independent contract work

marketing digjital digital marketing

influencer social media influencer

influencues influencer

follower social media follower

like social media expression of approval

lajk like; social media approval

lajkoj to like a social media post

post social media post

postoj to post online

repost reposted content

story temporary social media post

hashtag hashtag

trending currently popular online

viral widely circulated online

meme internet meme

troll online provocateur

trolling deliberate online provocation

followerë followers

subscriber subscriber

vlog video blog

vlogger video blogger

YouTuber YouTube content creator

gamer video game player

gaming video gaming

gejmer gamer

gejming gaming

gejm game

gameplay video game playing experience

joystick gaming control stick

gamepad handheld video game controller

cheat dishonest trick; gaming cheat

level level; stage of a video game

boss powerful enemy in a video game

skin cosmetic appearance of a game character

esport competitive electronic gaming

futboll football; soccer

basketboll basketball

volejboll volleyball

hendboll handball

bejzboll baseball

ragbi rugby

golf golf

tenis tennis

badminton badminton

snoubord snowboard

snoubording snowboarding

skateboard skateboard

skateboarding skateboarding

surf surfing; surfboard

surfing surfing

kikboks kickboxing

boks boxing

boksier boxer

nokaut knockout

sprint sprint

sprinter sprinter

fitnes fitness

aerobik aerobics

bodybuilding bodybuilding

palestër fitnesi fitness gym

streçing stretching

doping doping

derbi derby; match between local rivals

penallti penalty kick

ofsajd offside

gol goal

golashënues goal scorer

portier goalkeeper

hattrick three goals scored by one player in a match

fair play fair play; sportsmanship

play-off playoff

final four four-team final tournament

çempion champion

rekordmen record holder

rekord record

foul foul; rule violation

basket basket; basketball hoop

dunk forceful basketball shot into the hoop

asist assist

set set; division of a match

tajm-aut time-out

xhins jeans

bluxhins blue jeans

pulovër pullover; sweater

triko knitted garment

shorte shorts

top top; upper-body garment

t-shirt T-shirt

suit suit; matching formal clothing

sneakers casual sports shoes

hoodie hooded sweatshirt

oversize oversized clothing style

look appearance; style

stilist stylist

make-up cosmetics; makeup

make-up artist professional makeup artist

lifting cosmetic lifting procedure

peeling skin exfoliation treatment

botoks Botox; cosmetic botulinum toxin treatment

shampo shampoo

sprej spray

deodorant deodorant

fast food fast food

hamburger hamburger

çizburger cheeseburger

hotdog hot dog

senduiç sandwich

tost toast; toasted sandwich

çips potato chips; crisps

popkorn popcorn

milkshake milkshake

smuthi smoothie

brownie chocolate brownie

mafin muffin

kek cake

keksa cookies; biscuits

çizkejk cheesecake

donat doughnut

cupcake small individual decorated cake

koktejl cocktail

uiski whisky

xhin gin

punç punch; mixed beverage

bar bar

barmen bartender

snack small snack

branç brunch

katering catering

delivery delivery service

takeaway food prepared to be taken away

drive-through service accessed without leaving a vehicle

parking parking area

parkim parking

parkimetër parking meter

taksi taxi

taksimetër taximeter

tramvaj tram

terminal transport terminal

kontenier shipping container

trailer trailer

kamper camper vehicle

autostop hitchhiking

hobi hobby

shou show

shoubiz show business

shoumen showman; entertainer

reality show reality television programme

talk show television discussion programme

sitkom situation comedy

triler thriller

horror horror genre

western Western film genre

sitcom situation comedy

sezon season

casting casting; selection of performers

audicion audition

skenarist screenwriter

star celebrity; famous performer

superstar internationally famous star

hit popular song or major success

hitparadë music chart; ranking of popular songs

singëll single; individually released song

remiks remix

DJ disc jockey

rep rap music

reper rapper

hip-hop hip-hop

rok rock music

roker rock musician or fan

hevi metal heavy metal music

pank punk

xh az jazz

bluz blues music

soul soul music

funk funk music

dance dance music

indie independent music or cultural style

underground alternative or non-mainstream cultural scene

mainstream dominant or widely popular cultural trend

Estonian Loanwords in Albanian

Estonian has had almost no direct influence on Albanian vocabulary, as Estonia and Albania belong to distant linguistic regions with little historical contact. Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family, whereas Albanian forms an independent branch of Indo-European. Estonian terms occasionally appear in Albanian discussions of Baltic culture, cuisine, folklore, music, and digital society. These are generally untranslated cultural expressions rather than established Albanian loanwords, and their original spelling is usually retained.

kiiking Estonian extreme sport involving high circular swinging

kiik traditional Estonian swing

kama traditional Estonian flour mixture made from roasted grains and legumes

kohuke sweet curd snack often coated in chocolate

mulgipuder traditional Estonian mashed potato and barley dish

mulgikapsad traditional Estonian dish of sauerkraut, barley, and pork

verivorst traditional Estonian blood sausage

Finnish Loanwords in Albanian

Finnish has contributed very few established loanwords to Albanian, largely because the two languages have had limited historical contact. The best-known borrowing is sauna, which spread internationally during the twentieth century. Other Finnish expressions occasionally appear in Albanian writing about Nordic lifestyles, winter sports, cuisine, folklore, and cultural traditions, usually through English or other European languages. Most remain recognizable foreign terms rather than fully naturalized Albanian words, retaining their original Finnish spelling and cultural associations.

sauna traditional Finnish heated bathing room

sisu determination; resilience; perseverance in adversity

löyly steam and heat produced by pouring water onto sauna stones

vihta bundle of leafy birch branches used in sauna bathing

vasta birch whisk used during traditional Finnish sauna bathing

kiuas traditional Finnish sauna stove

savusauna traditional Finnish smoke sauna

avanto hole cut into ice for winter swimming

French Loanwords in Albanian

French has strongly influenced Albanian vocabulary, particularly since the nineteenth century, when French became an important language of diplomacy, education, literature, and European intellectual life. Many French words entered Albanian through direct cultural contact or indirectly through Italian and other European languages. Borrowings are especially common in fashion, gastronomy, administration, architecture, medicine, and the arts. Most have been adapted to Albanian spelling and pronunciation, while others retain forms close to their French originals.

bulevard boulevard

trotuar sidewalk; pavement

garazh garage

shofer driver; chauffeur

shose main road; highway

tunel tunnel

vagon railway carriage

depo depot; warehouse

bagazh luggage; baggage

biletë ticket

abonim subscription

abonent subscriber

abonoj to subscribe

adresë address

apartament apartment

etazh floor; storey of a building

fasadë facade

parket parquet flooring

park park

peizazh landscape

plazh beach

kurort holiday resort; health resort

hotel hotel

restorant restaurant

menu menu

bufe buffet

kafe café; coffeehouse

bistro small informal restaurant

braserí brasserie; informal French restaurant

kroasant croissant

bagetë baguette

briosh brioche; sweet enriched bread

sufle soufflé

omletë omelette

pure purée; mashed food

majonezë mayonnaise

vinagretë vinaigrette dressing

fileto fillet; boneless cut of meat or fish

krem cream

karamel caramel

shampanjë champagne

liker liqueur

aperitiv aperitif; pre-meal drink

digestiv digestif; after-dinner drink

somelier sommelier; wine specialist

gourmet gourmet; connoisseur of fine food

delikatesë delicacy; refined food

bonbon sweet; confection

pralinë praline; chocolate or nut confection

mousse mousse; light whipped dessert

fondue fondue; melted cheese or other communal dipping dish

ragu ragout; slow-cooked stew

shik chic; stylish

elegancë elegance

elegant elegant; stylish

modë fashion

model model; pattern

manekin mannequin; fashion model

butik boutique

atelie atelier; artist's or designer's workshop

defile fashion show; parade

koleksion collection

koleksionist collector

kostum suit; costume

kravatë necktie

bluzë blouse

triko knitted garment; sweater

korsé corset

pardesy overcoat

garderobë wardrobe; collection of clothing

beretë beret

kapuç hood; cap

shall scarf; shawl

parfum perfume

parfumeri perfumery

makijazh makeup

grimasë grimace; facial expression

masazh massage

masazhator massage therapist; massager

manikyr manicure

pedikyr pedicure

pedikurist pedicurist

sallon salon; reception room

kolltuk armchair

mobilie furniture

abazhur lampshade

dekor decor; stage setting

dekoracion decoration

ornament ornament

suvenir souvenir

manierë manner; way of behaving

etiketë etiquette; label

protokoll protocol

ceremoni ceremony

banket banquet

pritje reception

ambasadë embassy

ambasador ambassador

diplomaci diplomacy

diplomat diplomat

kabinet cabinet; office

buro bureau; office

burokraci bureaucracy

burokrat bureaucrat

dosje file; dossier

formular form; official document

dokument document

anketë survey; questionnaire

anketim surveying; polling

sondazh opinion poll; survey

raport report

raportazh reportage; journalistic report

reporter reporter

gazetë newspaper

gazetar journalist

revistë magazine

tirazh print run; circulation

azhurnim updating; bringing up to date

azhurnoj to update

montazh editing; assembly

montoj to assemble; to install

demontoj to dismantle

montues assembler; installer

kolazh collage

personazh character; public figure

subjekt subject; topic

skenar scenario; screenplay

regjisor director

aktore actress

repertor repertoire

premierë premiere; first performance

matine morning or daytime performance

seancë session

ansambël ensemble

balet ballet

koreografi choreography

koreograf choreographer

dekorator decorator; set designer

karikaturë caricature

karikaturist caricaturist

portret portrait

pikturë painting

guash gouache; opaque watercolour paint

pastel pastel; soft-coloured drawing medium

nuancë nuance; shade

siluetë silhouette

kontur outline; contour

detaj detail

detajoj to detail; to specify

sharm charm; attractiveness

kurazh courage

avantazh advantage

dezavantazh disadvantage

shantazh blackmail

shantazhoj to blackmail

sabotazh sabotage

sabotoj to sabotage

spiunazh espionage

kamuflazh camouflage

kamufloj to camouflage

diversion diversion; subversive action

manovër manoeuvre

patrullë patrol

brigadë brigade

batalion battalion

garnizon garrison

kalibër calibre; internal diameter of a firearm

fishek cartridge; ammunition round

arsenal arsenal; weapons stockpile

parashutë parachute

parashutist parachutist

kamion truck

rimorkio trailer

buldozer bulldozer

eskavator excavator

makineri machinery

mekanizëm mechanism

mekanik mechanic; mechanical

teknik technical; technician

teknologji technology

inxhinier engineer

laborator laboratory

eksperiment experiment

analizë analysis

diagnostikë diagnostics

terapi therapy

ambulancë ambulance

ambulant outpatient; mobile

klinikë clinic

spital hospital

farmaci pharmacy

farmacist pharmacist

higjienë hygiene

higjienik hygienic

karantinë quarantine

epidemi epidemic

vaksinë vaccine

serum serum

dozë dose

recetë prescription; recipe

bandazh bandage; bandaging

garzë gauze

turniket tourniquet

stazh internship; practical training period

praktikant trainee; intern

debutim debut; first appearance

debutoj to make one's debut

karrierë career

prestigj prestige

elitë elite

amator amateur

profesionist professional

ekspertizë expert assessment; specialist examination

specialist specialist

garanci guarantee

garantoj to guarantee

kredi credit; loan

financë finance

financim financing

financoj to finance

buxhet budget

deficit deficit

bilanc balance sheet; financial balance

kuotë quota

tarifë tariff; fee

taksë tax

faturë invoice; bill

bonifikim improvement; reclamation; bonus adjustment

subvencion subsidy

subvencionoj to subsidize

privilegj privilege

privilegjoj to privilege; to favour

prestacion performance; service rendered

koncesion concession

koncesionar concessionaire

licencë licence

licencoj to license

franshizë franchise

franshizim franchising

reklamë advertisement

reklamoj to advertise

reklamues advertiser

afishe poster; notice

afishoj to display; to post publicly

broshurë brochure

katalog catalogue

prospekt prospectus; leaflet

kupon coupon

bono voucher; bond

lotari lottery

tombolë raffle

ruletë roulette

kazino casino

jeton token; gaming chip

turne tournament; tour

trofe trophy

medaljon medallion

rekord record

rekordist record holder

ekip team

kapiten captain

arbitër referee; arbitrator

arbitrazh arbitration

arbitroj to referee; to arbitrate

penalitet penalty; financial sanction

disiplinë discipline

disiplinoj to discipline

rutinë routine

regjim regime; regulated routine

regjistrim registration; recording

regjistroj to register; to record

Georgian Loanwords in Albanian

Georgian has contributed very few established loanwords to Albanian, largely because the two languages developed in geographically separate regions with limited historical contact. Georgian expressions have nevertheless entered international circulation through cuisine, traditional winemaking, tourism, music, and cultural exchange. In Albanian, these terms appear mainly in descriptions of Georgian food, Caucasian traditions, and historical customs, often through English or other intermediary languages. Most remain foreign cultural terms rather than fully naturalized Albanian vocabulary.

kaçapuri traditional Georgian bread filled with cheese

khinkali Georgian dumplings filled with meat, mushrooms, or cheese

çurçkhela traditional Georgian confection made from nuts and thickened grape juice

qvevri large clay vessel used for traditional Georgian winemaking

çaça traditional Georgian grape-pomace spirit

supra traditional Georgian ceremonial feast

tamada toastmaster who leads a traditional Georgian feast

satsivi Georgian dish prepared with a rich walnut sauce

pkhali Georgian vegetable dish mixed with ground walnuts and herbs

tkemali traditional Georgian sour plum sauce

adjika spicy Georgian-Abkhazian seasoning paste

mtsvadi traditional Georgian grilled meat

çakapuli Georgian stew with meat, tarragon, and sour plums

lobio traditional Georgian bean dish

lobiani Georgian bread filled with seasoned beans

kubdari traditional Svanetian bread stuffed with spiced meat

şoti traditional Georgian elongated bread baked in a clay oven

tonis puri traditional Georgian bread baked in a cylindrical clay oven

badrijani nigvzit Georgian eggplant rolls filled with walnut paste

çihirtma traditional Georgian chicken soup thickened with eggs

çkmeruli Georgian chicken dish prepared with garlic and milk or cream

kupați traditional Georgian spiced sausage

elarji Megrelian cornmeal dish mixed with cheese

ghomi traditional Georgian cornmeal porridge

sulguni traditional Georgian brined cheese

imeruli traditional Georgian cheese from Imereti

matsoni traditional Georgian fermented milk product

nadughi traditional Georgian fresh whey cheese

jonjoli pickled flower buds served as a Georgian delicacy

gozinaki traditional Georgian confection made from nuts and honey

pelamushi Georgian dessert made from thickened grape juice

tatara Georgian grape-juice pudding used in making churchkhela

nazuki traditional Georgian sweet spiced bread

çadi Georgian cornbread

mçadi traditional Georgian cornmeal bread

borano traditional Adjarian dish made with cheese and butter

sinori traditional Adjarian dish of layered flatbread and dairy products

açma layered Georgian cheese pastry

penovani Georgian puff-pastry cheese bread

guruli ghvezeli traditional Gurian crescent-shaped pie with cheese and boiled eggs

kada traditional Georgian sweet pastry

German Loanwords in Albanian

German has influenced Albanian through trade, technology, military terminology, and especially migration to Germany, Austria, and Switzerland since the twentieth century. Its impact is particularly visible in Kosovo Albanian, where returning migrant workers introduced numerous expressions related to cars, construction, employment, and household equipment. Some Germanisms have become established in standard Albanian, while others remain regional or colloquial. Many have undergone substantial changes in spelling and pronunciation, reflecting their adaptation to Albanian speech.

shporet stove; kitchen cooker

gepek car trunk; luggage compartment

shrafciger screwdriver

shalter switch; service counter

shteker electrical plug

auspuh vehicle exhaust pipe

anllaser starter motor

kumplung clutch; vehicle coupling mechanism

rikverc reverse gear

blinker vehicle turn signal

felgë wheel rim

bormashin electric drill

vaservagë spirit level; levelling instrument

baushtellë construction site

tankshtell petrol station; filling station

dushkabin shower cubicle

shnicel schnitzel; breaded meat cutlet

krikëll beer mug

virsle small sausage; frankfurter

shllak whipped cream

fllashë bottle

kofer suitcase

ferije holidays; vacation

ausvajz identity document; identification card

gastarbajter guest worker; migrant labourer

frajer stylish young man; boyfriend

farbë paint; colour

feder spring; mechanical spring

fugë joint; narrow gap between building materials

shinë rail; railway track

shabllon template; stencil

blic flash; sudden burst of light

ajzberg iceberg

banknotë banknote; paper currency

llak lacquer; varnish

koks coke; carbon-rich industrial fuel

kuarc quartz; crystalline mineral

gneis gneiss; metamorphic rock

volfram tungsten; chemical element

zink zinc; chemical element

germanium germanium; chemical element

kalium potassium; chemical element

rëntgen X-ray; radiographic examination

stof fabric; textile material

pantofël slipper; indoor shoe

kërtollë potato; regional Albanian term

kugëll ball; sphere

shojnicë barn; agricultural storage building

shpindel spindle; rotating mechanical shaft

shpotë mockery; ridicule

shtab military headquarters; command staff

shtand stand; exhibition stall

shtreke route; stretch of railway or road

shtall stable; animal shelter

shtojer tax; duty

strajfen stripe; strip

xehe ore; mineral deposit

lajtmotiv leitmotif; recurring musical or thematic idea

puç coup; sudden attempt to seize political power

valcer waltz; ballroom dance in triple time

marsh march; rhythmic music associated with marching

feldmarshal field marshal; senior military rank

vinjak windbreaker; lightweight wind-resistant jacket

land federal state; constituent region

fusnotë footnote; explanatory note at the bottom of a page

shpotit to mock; to ridicule

shpreh to express; to articulate

kontekst context; surrounding circumstances

adjektiv adjective; word describing a noun

horizont horizon; apparent line separating earth and sky

fakultet university faculty; academic division

motor motor; engine

grip influenza; flu

Greek Loanwords in Albanian

Greek has profoundly influenced Albanian vocabulary through more than two millennia of contact, beginning with ancient Greek settlements and continuing through Byzantine rule, Orthodox Christianity, trade, and migration. Early borrowings often concerned agriculture, plants, and household objects, while later influences introduced religious, commercial, culinary, and everyday expressions. Greek influence is especially visible in southern Albanian dialects. Many words have become fully integrated into standard Albanian, whereas others remain regional or colloquial.

drapër sickle; curved harvesting tool

bletë bee

kumbull plum

lakër cabbage; leafy vegetable

lëpjetë sorrel; dock plant

lyej to smear; to coat; to paint

mokër millstone

mollë apple

pëllëmbë palm of the hand

pjepër melon

presh leek

trumzë thyme

shpellë cave

dafinë laurel; bay tree

gaforre crab

qefull grey mullet; Mediterranean fish

cironkë small freshwater fish

gomar donkey

skifter falcon; hawk

gjeraqinë sparrowhawk

trëndafil rose

dhjozmë mint; aromatic herb

manastir monastery

igumen abbot; superior of an Orthodox monastery

dhjak deacon

arhangjel archangel

ikonë religious icon; sacred image

liturgji liturgy; religious worship

episkop bishop

mitropolit metropolitan bishop

patriark patriarch; senior religious leader

sinod synod; ecclesiastical council

psalm psalm; sacred religious hymn

ungjill Gospel

apostull apostle

martir martyr

pagëzim baptism

pagëzoj to baptize

fron throne

kurorë crown; ceremonial wreath

avlli courtyard; enclosed yard

stoli ornament; jewellery

stolis to decorate; to adorn

tipar feature; characteristic

angari forced labour; burdensome task

akoma still; yet

aguridhe unripe grape

dhaskal teacher; schoolmaster

arnis to patch; to mend

arratis to escape; to flee

arratisem to run away; to escape

llogari account; calculation

llogaris to calculate; to reckon

llogaritje calculation

llogaritës calculator; person who calculates

katandis to reduce to a miserable condition

katandisem to end up in a bad situation

honeps to digest; to tolerate

honepsje digestion; acceptance

kollaj easy; easily

kollajllëk ease; convenience

lips to need; to lack

lipsem to be needed; to be necessary

llahtari horror; terror

llahtaris to terrify; to horrify

llahtarisem to become terrified

nanuris to lull a baby to sleep

nanuritje lullaby-like murmuring

pleks to intertwine; to entangle

pleksje intertwining; entanglement

qëndis to embroider

qëndisje embroidery

skalis to carve; to engrave

skalitur carved; engraved

skalitem to become engraved or deeply impressed

sos to finish; to bring to an end

soset to run out; to be exhausted

sosje depletion; exhaustion

tendos to stretch; to tighten

tendosje tension; stretching

tigan frying pan

tiganis to fry in a pan

tiganisje pan-frying

tromaks to frighten; to startle

tromaksem to become frightened

tromaksje fright; sudden fear

kumbis to lean; to incline

kumbisem to lean against; to recline

kopan wooden implement used for beating laundry

kopanis to beat laundry with a wooden implement

gremis to throw down; to precipitate

gremisem to fall into an abyss; to collapse

gremisje collapse; downfall

feks to shine; to gleam

feksje brightness; gleaming

ormis to prepare; to arrange; to equip

ormisje preparation; arrangement

psonis to shop; to buy provisions, chiefly regional

psonisje shopping; purchasing provisions

perivoli garden; orchard

llukanik traditional sausage

bakalaro salt cod; preserved codfish

gjini kind; category; gender

akademi academy

filozofi philosophy

filozof philosopher

demokraci democracy

aristokraci aristocracy

monarki monarchy

oligarki oligarchy

politikë politics; policy

histori history

gjeografi geography

matematikë mathematics

fizikë physics

biologji biology

gjeologji geology

astronomi astronomy

ekonomi economics; economy

psikologji psychology

pedagogji pedagogy; teaching methodology

teologji theology

arkeologji archaeology

antropologji anthropology

etimologji etymology

fonetikë phonetics

gramatikë grammar

sintaksë syntax

retorikë rhetoric

logjikë logic

teori theory

hipotezë hypothesis

metodë method

analizë analysis

sintezë synthesis

kategori category

sistem system

problem problem

temë theme; subject

skemë scheme; diagram

simbol symbol

metaforë metaphor

ironi irony

dramë drama

tragjedi tragedy

komedi comedy

teatër theatre

orkestër orchestra

melodi melody

harmoni harmony

ritëm rhythm

kor choir; chorus

himn hymn; anthem

poezi poetry

poet poet

epikë epic poetry

lirikë lyric poetry

estetikë aesthetics

arkitekturë architecture

fotografi photography

kinema cinema

mikroskop microscope

teleskop telescope

termometër thermometer

barometër barometer

kilometër kilometre

centimetër centimetre

mikrofon microphone

telefon telephone

telegraf telegraph

teknologji technology

teknikë technique; technology

mekanikë mechanics

elektronikë electronics

energji energy

atom atom

elektron electron

proton proton

neutron neutron

oksigjen oxygen

hidrogjen hydrogen

azot nitrogen

helium helium

klor chlorine

fosfor phosphorus

kristal crystal

diamant diamond

meteor meteor

planet planet

galaktikë galaxy

kozmos cosmos; universe

atmosferë atmosphere

klimë climate

ekologji ecology

ekosistem ecosystem

Haitian Creole Loanwords in Albanian

Haitian Creole has had almost no direct influence on Albanian, owing to the geographical distance and limited historical contact between Haiti and Albania. A small number of Haitian expressions have entered international circulation through literature, cinema, music, religion, and Caribbean cultural studies. The most recognizable is zombi, which reached many European languages through accounts of Haitian folklore. Other terms appear occasionally in Albanian descriptions of Haitian cuisine, festivals, and Vodou traditions, but most remain foreign cultural expressions rather than established Albanian loanwords.

zombi zombie; reanimated corpse or supernatural being

vudu Vodou; Haitian religious tradition

oungan male priest in Haitian Vodou

manbo female priestess in Haitian Vodou

ounfò Vodou temple or ceremonial sanctuary

lwa spirit or deity in Haitian Vodou

veve ritual symbolic drawing used in Vodou ceremonies

gede family of spirits associated with death and the ancestors

bokò Vodou practitioner associated with magical services

lakou traditional Haitian extended-family residential compound

rara Haitian festival music and street procession tradition

konpa popular Haitian dance music genre

twoubadou Haitian troubadour-style acoustic music

mizik rasin Haitian roots music combining traditional rhythms and modern instruments

tanbou drum; especially a traditional Haitian ceremonial drum

vaksen bamboo trumpet used in Haitian rara music

graj scraped percussion instrument used in Haitian music

taptap colourfully decorated Haitian shared passenger vehicle

griyo traditional Haitian fried pork dish

pikliz spicy Haitian pickled vegetable condiment

diri kole ak pwa Haitian rice cooked with beans

diri ak djon djon Haitian rice prepared with black mushrooms

soup joumou traditional Haitian pumpkin or squash soup

taso Haitian seasoned fried meat

Hausa Loanwords in Albanian

Hausa has had almost no direct influence on Albanian vocabulary, since the two languages developed in geographically distant regions without sustained historical contact. A few Hausa expressions have entered international circulation through West African music, cuisine, literature, and reporting on Nigerian politics. In Albanian, they appear mainly as untranslated cultural terms, usually transmitted through English or French. Most are not established Albanian loanwords but retain their original Hausa forms, particularly in discussions of traditional food, clothing, social institutions, and religious practices.

boko Western-style education; Latin-based Hausa writing system

Boko Haram name of a militant organization associated with opposition to Western education

sarki king; traditional ruler

sarakuna kings; traditional rulers

sarauta kingship; traditional system of rulership

masarauta kingdom; royal institution

hakimi district head; traditional local administrator

dagaci village head

Hebrew Loanwords in Albanian

Hebrew has influenced Albanian mainly through biblical translations, Christianity, Judaism, and international cultural exchange. Some Hebrew-origin words entered Albanian centuries ago through Greek, Latin, or other intermediary languages, especially in religious contexts. More recently, terms connected with Jewish traditions, Israeli society, politics, and cuisine have appeared in Albanian-language publications. A few are familiar in everyday religious speech, while most remain specialized expressions or cultural borrowings that preserve their Hebrew forms.

amen amen; so be it; expression of agreement or affirmation

aleluja hallelujah; praise the Lord

hosana hosanna; expression of praise or appeal for salvation

sabat Sabbath; day of religious rest

shabat Shabbat; Jewish day of rest

mesia Messiah; anointed saviour

rabin rabbi; Jewish religious teacher

rabinist follower of rabbinic Judaism

sinagogë synagogue; Jewish house of worship

Tora Torah; foundational Jewish religious teaching and scripture

talmud Talmud; collection of Jewish religious law and commentary

talmudik Talmudic; relating to the Talmud

kabalë Kabbalah; Jewish mystical tradition

kabalist practitioner or scholar of Kabbalah

kabalistik Kabbalistic; relating to Jewish mysticism

kosher permitted under Jewish dietary law

kibuc kibbutz; Israeli collective community

moshav Israeli cooperative agricultural settlement

shekel Israeli currency unit

hanuka Hanukkah; Jewish festival of lights

menora menorah; traditional Jewish ceremonial lamp

dreidel four-sided spinning top used during Hanukkah

pesah Passover; Jewish festival commemorating the Exodus

seder ritual meal and ceremonial order associated with Passover

matza unleavened bread traditionally eaten during Passover

rosh hashana Jewish New Year

yom kipur Day of Atonement; major Jewish religious observance

sukot Jewish Festival of Booths

suka temporary ritual shelter used during Sukkot

shavuot Jewish Festival of Weeks

purim Jewish festival commemorating deliverance described in the Book of Esther

megila scroll; especially the Book of Esther used during Purim

shiva seven-day Jewish mourning period

bar micva Jewish coming-of-age ceremony for boys

bat micva Jewish coming-of-age ceremony for girls

micva religious commandment; good deed

halaha Jewish religious law

hagada traditional narrative recited during the Passover Seder

midrash traditional Jewish biblical interpretation

mishna early written compilation of Jewish oral law

gemara rabbinic commentary and discussion forming part of the Talmud

yeshiva Jewish religious school devoted to traditional texts

heder traditional Jewish elementary religious school

hasid follower of Hasidic Judaism

hasidizëm Hasidism; Jewish spiritual and religious movement

rebbe spiritual leader or teacher in Hasidic Judaism

tzadik righteous person; revered spiritual figure

kipa skullcap traditionally worn by Jewish men

talit Jewish prayer shawl

tefilin small leather prayer boxes containing biblical passages

mezuzah parchment containing biblical verses attached to Jewish doorposts

shofar ceremonial ram's-horn trumpet

mikve ritual bath used for purification in Judaism

bima raised platform used for Torah readings in a synagogue

aron hakodesh holy ark containing Torah scrolls

golem artificial humanlike being in Jewish folklore

dybbuk restless spirit believed to possess a living person

shem name; especially in religious expressions referring to God

shalom peace; greeting; farewell

mazel tov congratulations; good fortune

l'chaim to life; traditional Jewish toast

chutzpah audacity; boldness; impudence

sabra Israeli-born Jewish person

aliyah immigration to Israel; ascent

knesset Israeli parliament

halutz pioneer; especially an early Zionist settler

haganah historical Jewish paramilitary defence organization

intifada uprising; term of Arabic origin used in Israeli-Palestinian contexts

tzahal Israel Defense Forces

merkava chariot; name of an Israeli main battle tank

ulpan intensive Hebrew-language school

ivrit Modern Hebrew language

lashon hakodesh holy tongue; traditional designation for Hebrew

tanakh Hebrew Bible

neviim Prophets; second division of the Hebrew Bible

ketuvim Writings; third division of the Hebrew Bible

bereshit Genesis; beginning

adonai Lord; reverential divine designation

elohim God; divine beings

cherub cherub; angelic being

seraf seraph; celestial being

leviatan Leviathan; immense biblical sea creature

gehenë Gehenna; place or state of punishment

armagedon Armageddon; apocalyptic final conflict

behemot Behemoth; enormous biblical creature

jubile jubilee; special anniversary or period of celebration

manna manna; miraculous food described in the Bible

efod ephod; ceremonial priestly garment

shema central Jewish declaration of faith

ruach wind; breath; spirit

neshama soul; breath of life

tikkun olam repairing the world; Jewish ethical concept

pikuach nefesh principle that saving a human life overrides most religious commandments

shmita biblical agricultural sabbatical year

yovel jubilee year in biblical Jewish law

eruv ritual boundary permitting certain activities on the Sabbath

muktzeh objects restricted from handling on the Sabbath

hummus chickpea-based dip, named through a word of Arabic origin also used in Hebrew

shakshuka dish of eggs cooked in spiced tomato sauce

sufganiyah traditional jelly-filled Hanukkah doughnut

latke potato pancake traditionally eaten during Hanukkah

cholent traditional slow-cooked Jewish Sabbath stew

jachnun Yemenite Jewish rolled pastry traditionally eaten on the Sabbath

malawach Yemenite Jewish layered flatbread

sabich Israeli pita sandwich filled with fried eggplant and other ingredients

ptitim Israeli toasted pasta resembling rice or couscous

meorav yerushalmi Jerusalem mixed grill

charoset sweet fruit-and-nut mixture traditionally eaten at Passover

Hindi Loanwords in Albanian

Hindi has influenced Albanian mainly through English, international trade, Indian cinema, literature, and cultural exchange. Several Hindi-origin words spread throughout Europe during British colonial rule in India and subsequently entered Albanian, particularly terms relating to clothing, wildlife, housing, and personal care. More recent borrowings concern Indian cuisine, spirituality, and popular culture. While words such as shampo, xhungël, and bungalov are recognizable in Albanian, many others remain specialized cultural expressions rather than fully integrated loanwords.

shampo shampoo; hair-washing product

xhungël jungle; dense tropical forest

bungalov bungalow; single-storey dwelling

pizhame pyjamas; sleeping clothes

guru spiritual teacher; influential expert

avatar incarnation; digital representation of a person

bandana bandana; patterned headscarf

kaki khaki; dusty brownish-green colour

çita cheetah; fast-running spotted wild cat

punç punch; mixed fruit or alcoholic beverage

çutni chutney; spicy or sweet Indian condiment

ghee clarified butter used in Indian cuisine

çapati traditional Indian unleavened flatbread

roti Indian flatbread

naan soft leavened flatbread

dal lentils; Indian lentil-based dish

samosa triangular pastry filled with vegetables or meat

pakora Indian fritter made with vegetables and chickpea flour

tandoor traditional cylindrical clay oven

tanduri food cooked in a tandoor oven

tikka small pieces of marinated and grilled meat or vegetables

masala mixture of spices

garam masala traditional Indian blend of warming spices

çai masala Indian spiced milk tea

paneer fresh Indian cheese

palak paneer Indian dish of spinach and fresh cheese

aloo gobi Indian dish of potatoes and cauliflower

aloo paratha Indian flatbread stuffed with spiced potatoes

pani puri crispy hollow snack filled with spiced water and potatoes or legumes

bhel puri Indian snack made with puffed rice and chutneys

pav bhaji spiced vegetable mash served with buttered bread

vada pav Indian potato fritter served inside a bread bun

khichdi traditional Indian rice and lentil dish

kachori deep-fried pastry with a spicy filling

jalebi spiral-shaped fried sweet soaked in syrup

gulab jamun sweet milk-based balls soaked in syrup

ladoo traditional Indian round sweet

barfi dense Indian milk-based confection

kulfi traditional Indian frozen dairy dessert

halwai traditional Indian confectioner or sweet maker

dhaba roadside Indian restaurant

thali Indian meal served on a platter with several dishes

tiffin light meal; packed lunch

dabbawala traditional Indian lunchbox delivery worker

jugaad resourceful improvisation; practical solution using limited resources

desi local; indigenous; associated with South Asian culture

swadeshi locally produced; movement promoting domestic goods

raj rule; sovereignty; government

raja king; ruler

maharaja great king; Indian royal title

rani queen; female ruler

maharani great queen; royal consort

nawab historical Indian Muslim ruler or nobleman

sahib sir; master; respectful form of address

memsahib madam; respectful title historically used for European women in colonial India

sepoy Indian soldier serving in a colonial army

thug violent criminal; originally a robber or deceiver

dacoit armed robber; member of a bandit gang

loot plunder; stolen goods

pandit learned scholar; Hindu religious specialist

swami Hindu spiritual teacher or religious ascetic

sadhu Hindu holy person or wandering ascetic

ashram Hindu spiritual retreat or religious community

mandir Hindu temple

puja Hindu ritual worship

aarti Hindu ceremony involving offerings of light

darshan auspicious sight or encounter with a deity or spiritual teacher

prasad food or offering blessed during Hindu worship

bhajan Hindu devotional song

kirtan devotional singing or chanting

mantra sacred utterance; repeated spiritual formula

mudra symbolic hand gesture used in religious practice or yoga

chakra energy centre in traditional Indian spiritual systems

pranayama yogic breathing discipline

asana yoga posture

hatha yoga traditional system of physical and breathing practices

satsang spiritual gathering or discussion

seva selfless service

ahimsa principle of nonviolence

moksha liberation from the cycle of rebirth

bhakti devotion; loving dedication to a deity

diwali Hindu festival of lights

holi Hindu spring festival of colours

navratri nine-night Hindu festival

dandiya traditional Indian stick dance

garba traditional Gujarati circle dance

rakhi decorative thread tied during the festival of Raksha Bandhan

mehndi henna decoration applied to the skin

bindi decorative mark worn on the forehead

sari traditional South Asian draped garment

kurta loose traditional tunic

salwar traditional loose trousers

kameez traditional long tunic

dupatta long scarf worn with South Asian clothing

lehenga traditional long embroidered skirt

choli fitted traditional blouse

sherwani traditional formal long coat

jodhpurs close-fitting riding trousers

charkha traditional spinning wheel

khadi hand-spun and handwoven Indian cloth

bandhani traditional Indian tie-dyed textile

rangoli decorative patterns made on floors using coloured powders or flowers

jhoola traditional swing

charpai traditional woven rope bed

lathi long wooden stick or staff

rickshaw small passenger vehicle, often human-powered

dinghy small boat

pukka genuine; solidly built; first-rate

wallah person associated with a particular occupation or activity

namaste respectful greeting or salutation

achha good; okay; expression of agreement

dhanyavad thank you

dost friend

yaar friend; close companion

paisa money; small monetary unit

lakh one hundred thousand

crore ten million

Bollywood Hindi-language film industry centred in Mumbai

filmi relating to Indian popular cinema

masala film Indian film combining action, romance, comedy, and music

item number musical dance sequence in Indian cinema

antakshari traditional South Asian singing game

tamasha spectacle; entertainment; commotion

nautanki traditional North Indian musical folk theatre

jatra religious procession or travelling theatrical performance

Hungarian Loanwords in Albanian

Hungarian has had relatively little direct influence on Albanian, although historical contacts within the Habsburg Empire, Central European trade networks, and nineteenth-century political movements encouraged some linguistic exchange. Hungarian-origin words generally reached Albanian through German, Serbian, Croatian, Italian, or other intermediary languages. The most recognizable borrowings concern food, clothing, military ranks, transport, and traditional music. Some have become established international vocabulary, while others remain specialized cultural terms used in descriptions of Hungarian society and history.

gulash goulash; traditional Hungarian meat stew

gulyás Hungarian meat soup or stew

paprikë paprika; pepper or ground pepper spice

paprikash Hungarian dish prepared with paprika and a creamy sauce

csárdás traditional Hungarian folk dance

çardash Hungarian folk dance characterized by changing tempos

hajduk historical irregular soldier; armed outlaw

husar hussar; light cavalry soldier

Icelandic Loanwords in Albanian

Icelandic has contributed very few established loanwords to Albanian because the two languages have had little direct historical contact. Icelandic terms have occasionally entered Albanian through English, Scandinavian literature, tourism, geology, and international media. The strongest influence concerns volcanic landscapes, medieval Norse literature, mythology, and traditional Icelandic culture. Although words such as gejzer have become familiar in Albanian, most Icelandic expressions remain specialized foreign terms rather than fully naturalized borrowings.

gejzer geyser; natural hot spring that periodically erupts

gejzerik geyser-like; relating to erupting hot springs

sagë saga; long narrative or historical account

skald poet of the medieval Norse tradition

skaldik relating to medieval Norse court poetry

edda collection of medieval Icelandic mythological and heroic literature

Igbo Loanwords in Albanian

Igbo has had virtually no direct influence on Albanian vocabulary because southeastern Nigeria and the Balkans have historically maintained limited linguistic and cultural contact. Igbo expressions have nevertheless gained some international visibility through African literature, particularly the works of Chinua Achebe, as well as traditional religion, music, cuisine, and contemporary Nigerian cinema. In Albanian, these words appear primarily as untranslated cultural terms rather than established loanwords. Many preserve their original Igbo spelling, although tone marks and other diacritics are often omitted in international usage.

chi personal spiritual guardian or destiny

Chukwu supreme God; great spirit

Chineke God; creator

alusi deity or spirit in traditional Igbo religion

arusi deity or supernatural being

ikenga personal shrine or sacred figure associated with achievement and strength

agwu spirit associated with divination, healing, and creativity

ogbanje spirit child believed to die and return repeatedly through reincarnation

iyi-uwa sacred object believed to connect an ogbanje with the spirit world

dibia traditional healer, diviner, or spiritual specialist

afa traditional divination

ofo ritual staff symbolizing authority, justice, and truth

Indonesian Loanwords in Albanian

Indonesian has influenced Albanian primarily through international trade, travel, cuisine, wildlife terminology, and cultural exchange. Many words originating in Indonesian or closely related Malay entered European languages during the colonial period before reaching Albanian through English, Dutch, or Italian. Familiar examples include orangutan, bambu, and batik, while newer terms describe Indonesian food, traditional arts, and regional customs. Most remain specialist cultural expressions rather than fully assimilated Albanian loanwords, and some originate in regional Indonesian languages such as Javanese and Sundanese.

bambu bamboo; tall woody grass

orangutan orangutan; large Southeast Asian great ape

batik traditional wax-resist fabric dyeing technique

gong large metal percussion instrument

sarong traditional wraparound garment

amok violent, uncontrolled frenzy

amokut to run amok; to behave violently and uncontrollably

ratan rattan; climbing palm used for furniture and weaving

agar-agar gelatinous substance derived from seaweed

durian large tropical fruit with a strong smell

rambutan tropical fruit with a hairy red or yellow rind

mangostan tropical fruit with a thick purple rind and white flesh

sagu sago; starch extracted from tropical palm trees

Inuktitut Loanwords in Albanian

Inuktitut has had almost no direct influence on Albanian vocabulary because Inuit communities in the Canadian Arctic and Albanian-speaking populations have historically had little linguistic contact. A few Inuit-origin terms have reached international circulation through Arctic exploration, anthropology, environmental research, and documentary media. The best-known example is iglu, which has become recognizable in Albanian. Other expressions describe traditional Inuit clothing, transportation, hunting, and social life, but most remain untranslated cultural terms rather than established Albanian loanwords.

iglu igloo; traditional snow-block shelter

inuk one Inuit person; human being

inuit Inuit people; Indigenous peoples of the Arctic

inuktitut Inuktitut; Inuit language spoken primarily in Arctic Canada

qajaq kayak; traditional narrow hunting boat

Irish Loanwords in Albanian

Irish has contributed relatively few established loanwords to Albanian, mainly through English-language literature, music, sport, and cultural exchange. Several words of Irish origin, including slogan, whisky, and banshee, spread internationally before reaching Albanian. More recent expressions appear in discussions of Irish mythology, traditional music, national festivals, and political history. Although some have been adapted to Albanian spelling, most remain foreign cultural terms rather than fully integrated Albanian vocabulary.

slogan slogan; memorable phrase or motto

uiski whisky; distilled alcoholic spirit

banshi banshee; supernatural female spirit whose cries foretell death

shamrok shamrock; three-leaved plant associated with Ireland

klain clan; extended family or kinship group

galor Irish-speaking person; speaker of the Gaelic language

gaeltacht Irish-speaking region of Ireland

gaeilge Irish language

Italian Loanwords in Albanian

Italian has exerted an exceptionally strong influence on Albanian vocabulary, reflecting centuries of commercial, political, and cultural contact across the Adriatic Sea. Venetian merchants introduced early borrowings during the Middle Ages, while Italian influence expanded considerably during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries through education, administration, construction, and industry. Italian television and migration intensified this exchange after 1990. Thousands of Italian-origin words are now found in Albanian, ranging from fully naturalized everyday terms to newer professional and colloquial expressions.

gotë drinking glass

karrige chair

lahutë lute; traditional string instrument

llamarinë sheet metal

dukat ducat; historical gold coin

fanelë flannel; undershirt

kuvertë envelope; cover

napë fine cloth; muslin

porteg entrance hall; vestibule

altar altar

abat abbot

kambanë bell

predikoj to preach

predikim sermon; preaching

teatër theatre

piano piano

pianofort pianoforte

frazë phrase

medalje medal

automobil automobile

autostradë motorway; highway

autobus bus

autokar coach; long-distance bus

autokolonë motorcade; vehicle convoy

autoblindë armoured vehicle

autocisternë tanker truck

autogru mobile crane

autolavazh car wash

motorino small motorcycle; moped

motorrino small motor scooter

skuter scooter

biçikletë bicycle

motoçikletë motorcycle

kamion truck

kamionçinë small truck; pickup

furgon van

karroceri vehicle bodywork

karburator carburettor

karburant fuel

benzinë petrol; gasoline

naftë diesel fuel; petroleum

radiator radiator

friksion clutch; friction mechanism

frenë brake

frenoj to brake

marsh gear; transmission speed

volant steering wheel; flywheel

kambio gearbox; transmission

gomë tyre; rubber

gomonë inflatable boat

kabinet cabinet; office

kabinë cabin; enclosed compartment

bagazh luggage; baggage

bagazhier luggage carrier; porter

portobagazh roof-mounted luggage rack

portofol wallet; portfolio

portamonete coin purse

portachiavi key ring; key holder

portier porter; goalkeeper

portineri porter's lodge; concierge service

biletë ticket

biglieteri ticket office

stacion station

terminal terminal

bin ar railway platform

lokomotivë locomotive

vagon railway carriage

tren train

tramvaj tram

tunel tunnel

viadukt viaduct

galeri gallery; underground passage

kantier construction site; shipyard

kantier naval shipyard

karabinier carabiniere; member of an Italian police force

komisar commissioner

komisariat police station; commissariat

patrullë patrol

brigadë brigade

batalion battalion

kolonel colonel

kapiten captain

major major; military officer

gjeneral general

komandant commander

komando commando; special military unit

komandë command; order

komandoj to command

operacion operation

manovër manoeuvre

barrikadë barricade

arsenal arsenal; weapons stockpile

municion ammunition

kalibër calibre

fishek cartridge; ammunition round

bajonetë bayonet

granatë grenade

bombardim bombardment

bombardoj to bombard

aviacion aviation

aviator aviator; pilot

aeroplan aeroplane

aeroport airport

hangar hangar

parashutë parachute

parashutist parachutist

fashizëm fascism

fashist fascist

regjim regime

korporativ corporative; corporate

korporatë corporation

federatë federation

federal federal

republikë republic

president president

ministër minister

minister ministry; administrative office

prefekt prefect

prefekturë prefecture

provincë province

komunë municipality; commune

municipalitet municipality

administratë administration

administrator administrator

administrativ administrative

sekretar secretary

sekretari secretariat; office administration

sekretare female secretary

direktivë directive

dekret decree

dekretoj to decree

rregullament regulation

normativë normative rule; standard

certifikatë certificate

certifikim certification

certifikoj to certify

licencë licence

licencim licensing

licencoj to license

autorizim authorization

autorizoj to authorize

delegat delegate

delegacion delegation

delegoj to delegate

referendum referendum

elektorat electorate

elektoral electoral

kandidat candidate

kandidaturë candidacy

kandidoj to run for office; to nominate

koalicion coalition

opozitë opposition

pozitë position; status

mandat mandate; term of office

parlament parliament

parlamentar parliamentary

senat senate

senator senator

komision commission; committee

komisioner commissioner

komitet committee

kabinet qeveritar government cabinet

konsull consul

konsullatë consulate

ambasador ambassador

ambasadë embassy

diplomat diplomat

diplomaci diplomacy

protokoll protocol

ceremoni ceremony

ceremonial ceremonial

inaugurim inauguration

inauguroj to inaugurate

manifestim demonstration; public manifestation

manifestoj to demonstrate; to manifest

protestë protest

protestoj to protest

akuzë accusation; charge

akuzoj to accuse

alibi alibi

arrest arrest

arrestoj to arrest

atentat assassination attempt; attack

avokat lawyer; advocate

avokati legal profession; advocacy

noter notary

noteri notarial office; notarial practice

prokuror prosecutor

prokurori prosecution service

penal criminal; penal

penalitet penalty

delikt offence; wrongdoing

delikuent delinquent; offender

kontrabandë smuggling; contraband

kontrabandist smuggler

trafikant trafficker

trafikim trafficking

mafie mafia

maf io z mafioso; member of organized crime

kapobandë gang leader

kapo boss; leader

bankë bank

bankier banker

bankarotë bankruptcy

bankrotim bankruptcy; financial collapse

bankrotoj to go bankrupt

financë finance

financiar financial

financim financing

financoj to finance

faturë invoice; bill

faturoj to invoice

kontabilitet accounting

kontabilist accountant

bilanc balance sheet; financial balance

buxhet budget

kredi credit; loan

kreditor creditor

debitor debtor

debit debit

kredit credit

kapital capital

kapitalist capitalist

investitor investor

investim investment

investoj to invest

fondacion foundation

fond fund

aksion share; stock

aksionar shareholder

dividend dividend

kuotë quota; share

kuotim quotation; listing

kuotoj to quote; to list

tarifë tariff; fee

taksë tax

subvencion subsidy

subvencionoj to subsidize

koncesion concession

koncesionar concessionaire

kontratë contract

kontraktim contracting

kontraktoj to contract

ofertë offer

ofertoj to make an offer

preventiv cost estimate; budget estimate

inventar inventory

inventarizim inventory-taking

magazinë warehouse; storage facility

magazinier warehouse worker

depozitë deposit

depozitoj to deposit

transport transport

transportoj to transport

transportues carrier; transporter

import import

importoj to import

importues importer

eksport export

eksportoj to export

eksportues exporter

doganë customs office; customs duty

doganier customs officer

merceologji commodity science

komercial commercial

komercializim commercialization

komercializoj to commercialize

industrial industrial

industri industry

industrializim industrialization

industrializoj to industrialize

fabrikë factory

fabrikim manufacturing; fabrication

fabrikoj to manufacture

fonderi foundry

metalurgji metallurgy

mekanikë mechanics

mekanizëm mechanism

mekanizim mechanization

mekanizoj to mechanize

elektricist electrician

elektricitet electricity

elektromotor electric motor

dinamo dynamo; electrical generator

alternator alternator

gjenerator generator

transformator transformer

stabilizator stabilizer

kompresor compressor

ventilator fan; ventilator

aspirator extractor fan; suction device

kondicioner air conditioner

frigorifer refrigerator

frigoriferik refrigerated; relating to refrigeration

lavatrice washing machine, colloquial

lavastovilje dishwasher, colloquial

lavaman washbasin

lavazh washing; car-washing service

lavanderi laundry; laundrette

kuzhinë kitchen

kuzhinier cook; chef

kuzhinierë female cook; chef

mobilie furniture

mobilim furnishing

mobiloj to furnish

Japanese Loanwords in Albanian

Japanese has influenced Albanian primarily through martial arts, technology, cuisine, literature, and popular culture, especially since the late twentieth century. Many Japanese-origin words reached Albanian indirectly through English, Italian, and international media. Traditional martial arts introduced terms such as karate and xhudo, while Japanese restaurants, anime, video games, and business practices expanded their use. Some borrowings are now widely recognizable, whereas others remain specialized cultural expressions that retain their original Japanese spelling.

karate traditional Japanese martial art based on unarmed combat

xhudo judo; Japanese martial art emphasizing throws and grappling

xhudist judo practitioner

karateist karate practitioner

sumo traditional Japanese wrestling

aikido Japanese martial art emphasizing redirection of an opponent's force

kendo Japanese martial art of sword fighting

iaido Japanese martial art of drawing and using a sword

kyudo traditional Japanese archery

jujitsu Japanese martial art involving grappling and joint manipulation

ninjutsu traditional Japanese martial techniques associated with ninja

budo Japanese martial way or martial arts philosophy

bushido traditional ethical code associated with Japanese warriors

dojo training hall for Japanese martial arts

sensei teacher; master; instructor

senpai senior student or more experienced colleague

kohai junior student or less experienced colleague

dan rank or grade in Japanese martial arts

kyu student rank in Japanese martial arts

kata formal sequence of martial arts movements

kumite sparring in karate

randori free practice or sparring in judo

tatami traditional Japanese floor mat; martial arts competition mat

ippon full point or decisive score in Japanese martial arts

waza-ari partial score in judo

hajime begin; command to start a martial arts contest

matte wait; command to stop temporarily

rei bow; expression of respect

ukemi falling or breakfall techniques

nage-waza throwing techniques

katame-waza grappling and holding techniques

atemi striking techniques targeting the body

gi martial arts training uniform

judogi judo uniform

karategi karate uniform

hakama traditional Japanese pleated garment

obi traditional sash or belt

samurai warrior of Japan's historical military class

ninxha ninja; Japanese covert agent or warrior

shogun historical Japanese military ruler

shogunat system of military government headed by a shogun

daimyo powerful feudal lord in historical Japan

ronin samurai without a master

bushi warrior; member of the Japanese military class

katana traditional Japanese curved sword

wakizashi traditional Japanese short sword

tanto traditional Japanese dagger

naginata Japanese pole weapon with a curved blade

shuriken traditional Japanese concealed throwing weapon

kunai traditional Japanese multipurpose blade

yari traditional Japanese spear

yumi traditional Japanese bow

kabuto traditional Japanese samurai helmet

yoroi traditional Japanese armour

seppuku historical Japanese ritual suicide

harakiri ritual suicide by abdominal cutting

kamikaze Japanese suicide attack pilot; reckless self-sacrificing action

banzai Japanese celebratory exclamation wishing long life

kimono traditional Japanese robe

yukata light cotton kimono traditionally worn in summer

geta traditional Japanese wooden sandals

zori traditional Japanese flat sandals

tabi traditional Japanese split-toe socks

haori traditional Japanese jacket worn over a kimono

furisode formal kimono with long sleeves

uchikake elaborate outer kimono worn for ceremonial occasions

kanzashi traditional Japanese decorative hair ornament

hachimaki traditional Japanese headband

tenugui traditional Japanese cotton hand towel

furoshiki traditional Japanese cloth used for wrapping objects

sushi Japanese dish of seasoned rice with fish or other ingredients

sashimi thinly sliced raw fish or seafood

maki rolled sushi wrapped in seaweed

nigiri hand-formed sushi topped with fish or seafood

temaki hand-rolled cone-shaped sushi

uramaki inside-out sushi roll

gunkan sushi with a seaweed-wrapped rice base and loose topping

chirashi sushi rice topped with assorted ingredients

onigiri Japanese rice ball or rice triangle

ramen Japanese noodle soup

udon thick Japanese wheat noodles

soba Japanese buckwheat noodles

somen very thin Japanese wheat noodles

yakisoba Japanese stir-fried noodles

tempura Japanese dish of lightly battered and fried ingredients

teriyaki Japanese cooking style using a sweet soy-based glaze

yakitori grilled Japanese chicken skewers

sukiyaki Japanese hotpot dish with thinly sliced meat and vegetables

shabu-shabu Japanese hotpot dish featuring thinly sliced meat

okonomiyaki Japanese savoury pancake

takoyaki Japanese ball-shaped snack filled with octopus

tonkatsu Japanese breaded and fried pork cutlet

katsu Japanese breaded fried cutlet

karaage Japanese-style seasoned fried chicken or other food

gyoza Japanese pan-fried dumplings

miso Japanese fermented soybean paste

misoshiru Japanese miso soup

tofu soybean curd

natto traditional Japanese fermented soybeans

edamame young green soybeans served as food

wasabi pungent Japanese condiment made from wasabi rhizome

nori dried edible seaweed used in Japanese cuisine

kombu edible kelp used in Japanese cooking

wakame edible seaweed commonly used in soups and salads

dashi traditional Japanese soup stock

umami savory taste; one of the five basic tastes

furikake Japanese seasoning sprinkled over rice

ponzu Japanese citrus-based sauce

mirin sweet Japanese rice wine used in cooking

sake traditional Japanese fermented rice alcoholic drink

shochu Japanese distilled alcoholic spirit

matcha finely powdered Japanese green tea

sencha traditional Japanese steamed green tea